AURORA

AURORA

A. Definition

    Aurora is a phenomenon of the light blazing in the ionosphere of the planet as a result of an interaction between the magnetic field of the planet is owned by charged particles emitted by the sun (solar wind). On earth, auroras occur in the area around the north pole and south magnetic poles. Aurora is happening in the northern area known as the aurora borealis, which is named after the roman goddess of dawn bersempena, aurora, and the greek name for the north wind, boreas. This is because in europe, the aurora often look reddish in northern horizon as if the sun will rise from that direction. Aurora borealis always occur between september and october and march and april. The phenomenon of the aurora in the south known as the aurora australis have similar properties.

B. interesting information

    The findings of scientists from the massachusetts institute of technology (mit), published in nature physics, the opening insight into the formation of the aurora. In general, the aurora is formed when energetic
particles from solar storms pound the molecules in the atmosphere produces photons of light. Through research, the mechanism described in more detail.

    Aurora formation associated with the motion of electrons accelerated in the magnetotail area, which is part of the earth's magnetic field "expands" when solar storms hit the earth. Magnetic area that expands to store energy just like a stretched rubber. Energy can be removed just like a rubber band that can be fired in a certain direction.

    The motion of electrons at high speed is also possible because of the large magnetotail. Scientists estimate magnetotail that there are a thousand times greater than expected. The energy released is what accelerates the motion of electrons towards the earth. When electrons mashing upper layers of earth's atmosphere, a photon of light is created produce aurora. "people think this area is small. We were able to show that this area can be very large and can accelerate the motion of electrons," said jan egedal, leader of the study, as quoted by space. To obtain these results, egedal and colleagues analyzed data taken by several spacecraft, such as cluster-owned vehicle eurpean space agency (esa).

    Scientists also use a supercomputer called kraken. The supercomputer has 112,000 processors working in parallel. The scientists used the 25000 processor for 11 days to observe 180 billion particle simulations can show the motion of electrons.

C. aurora on other planets

    For the first time scientists have captured images of auroras above phenomenon dubbed the giant ice planet, uranus. This possibility is only a fraction of a rare phenomenon that looks and scientists believe the planet has other unique things that have not been revealed.

    Reported spacedaily, wednesday (04/18/2012), the aurora phenomenon captured by observations from the hubble space telescope. Aurora sightings showed a bright light that appeared but did not last long. The different light like aurora phenomena that occur on the planet earth.

    In the new observations with telescopes based in the planet, the researchers detected the luminous spots on the planet uranus as tertampak through the hubble telescope. Unlike aurora on the planet earth with a light-green and purple color that lasts approximately one hour, which was detected auroras on the planet uranus seems to only last a few minutes.

     In general, the phenomenon of aurora is a feature of the magnetosphere that is in an area controlled by the planet's magnetic field as well as the form of the solar wind (the solar wind). Solar wind is a stream of charged particles suatau that spread in all directions from the sun's outer atmosphere known as the corona. "the planet uranus was only investigated in detail once, during the flight of voyager spacecraft in 1986. Since then, we have not gotten the opportunity to make the most of magnetosphere observations of unusual happening on this planet," said researcher origin paris, laurent lamy.

D. definition and origin of the word aurora

Aurora description:

    Au.ro.ra[n] symptoms of light in the sky that shaped beam, ribbon, or curtain, usually red, green, and purple. Or symptoms such as light in the sky that shaped beam, ribbon, or curtain, usually red, green, and purple. Met australis bright light that is sometimes seen at night in the southern hemisphere sky. Met borealis bright light that is sometimes seen at night in the sky of the northern hemisphere. Aurora borealis is named bersempena roman goddess of dawn, aurora, and the greek name for the north wind, boreas.

E. mythology aurora

    Aurora (blood of heroes in the sky). Scotsman named nimble men. Denham known as the merry dancers. The ancient people believed that they could see the war forces in the light of the aurora.

    In the northern hemisphere, especially alaska, often dark night sky suddenly become ablaze. The color is usually green, red, blue or violet. Ancient people attributed the emergence of the natural phenomena with disease and war. Bright red aurora was once regarded as "pools of blood" fighters were killed in the war. North country, britain, aurora known as the "burning spear". Before the french revolution broke out, an aurora appears. Scotland and england residents claimed to hear the sound of battle and saw battle in the sky. On february 24, 1716, coincided with the death of james ratcliffe, earl of derwentwater last, appear bright red aurora and move quickly across the sky. Since that time the aurora known as the "lord of light derwenwater".

    In the past, the aurora can reliably predict the weather, although the truth is sometimes the opposite. In labrador, the aurora is a sign of good weather, while in greenland was considered as a sign of the coming of the south wind and storms. In northern norway, the aurora often associated with cold weather.

F. history of aurora

    Aurora name was first used by pierre gassend, a scientist of the 17th century. Aurora is actually the name of the ancient roman goddess of the dawn. There are actually two types of aurora. Aurora borealis seen in the northern hemisphere, while the visible aurora australis in the southern hemisphere. Aurora can actually be found in every part of the sky. But often seems too pale to be seen clearly except in areas near the north and south poles.

    Aurora borealis the term was first used by galileo galilei in 1619. Galilei has long studied the lights are amazing. Too bad he can not work freely. At that time, the roman church greatly restrict its movement. Understandably, galilei is considered contrary to church doctrine that have been adopted for hundreds of years stating that the earth was the center of the universe. Galileo was forced to disguise his writings by borrowing the name of his student mario guiducci. But his opinion about the aurora is still not quite fit. According to him, the aurora is caused by the reflection of sunlight on the upper atmospheric layers.

    Aurora can be seen until midnight. At that time, the light looks down. Moments later, the bands of light that appear on the curved top of the light, and the light began to move toward the middle of the sky. The increasingly bright light. At full intensity, aurora cover the whole sky like a valance light breeze. Sometimes this light comes less than a distance of 500 miles above the earth's surface and sometimes more than 600 miles. The brightest auroras were seen during a magnetic storm. Aura most often seen when the sun point of greatest activity. Aurora borealis most often seen in fairbanks, alaska, and several locations in eastern canada, iceland and northern scandinavia. Aurora australis most rarely seen. Understandably, the aurora is usually just visible light in a sparsely populated area. Aurora australis usually often seen in australia in the 11-year cycle of sun spot activity. The points of maximum solar took place in 2000. The aurora australis is most often seen in tasmania. Aurora was first known european scientists in the 18th century, but have been known by the aboriginal and maori since seven hundred years ago.

    Besides the location, the weather and light pollution also affects the quality of the aurora. In alaska, the best time to see the aurora is in the months of march and september to late october. At that time in the dark sky and the weather is very sunny. During summer, the night sky is not too dark. And in winter, the air becomes too cold to interfere with people who want to observe.

    Aurora comes in many different forms. Appearance varies depending on the length of the night. The most beautiful stage is at midnight. Aurora also form bands of light with various colors, usually green, yellow, blue or deep red.

    According syun akasofu, another important part of the mechanism of the aurora is the "solar wind", ie a stream of particles coming out of the sun. Akasofu of alaska geophysical institute, was the one who was instrumental in researching the aurora. "the solar wind moves large amounts of electricity in the atmosphere (the van allen belts). This energy will accelerate particles into the upper atmosphere which then collided with a gas range. The result is the colors in the sky are moving", he said. Electric pressure eject gas molecules into a higher energy state, which resulted in the release of photons. Color depending on the frequency of collisions between particles and gases. This mechanism is similar to fluorescent lights or fluorescent lights.

    Aurora is a phenomenon that occurs because the beam (light) blazing in the ionosphere of the planet. Aurora occur as a result of an interaction between the magnetic field of the planet is owned by charged particles emitted by the sun (solar wind).aurora can also be called as a result of the reaction of electrically charged particles with the earth's atmosphere.

    Aurora colors can vary. Usually green, red, blue and violet. Aurora name itself was first used by pierre gassend, a scientist of the 17th century. While galileo galilei that is known as the aurora borealis researchers named in 1619.

G. effect of aurora

    The effect of protons collide with atoms in the atmosphere can interfere with the reception of radio, television and telegrams. This is because when the dots in the atmosphere disrupted by protons from the sun, the atmosphere is no longer hold signal and reflect it to the earth. The signal is actually transmitted into space. As a result, no signal is received by the television, radio, or telegram. Charged particles in the solar wind, and ionosphere magnetometer bring large-scale electricity. If the flow is changed near the earth, can cause damage to electrical equipment.

    Aurora disturbances on telegraph wires the most amazing place in the united states. A fantastic aurora that occurred in september 1851, has disrupted the entire channel telegraph in new england and brought disorder to business transactions. On february 19, 1852, other aurora recorded in the history of telecommunications. Scientists believe that the aurora reflects what is happening in the magnetosphere, which is the area bermuatannya particles trapped by earth's magnetic field. The solar wind near earth's magnetosphere clamped in the daytime, and dragged up to millions of kilometers at night.

    Recent research involving spacelab in the shuttle has studied the effect of the aurora. Aurora can also be photographed by space shuttle astronauts and satellites. Satellites can provide a global picture of the aurora. By taking pictures from space, sunlight glare is no longer a problem and the aurora can be seen equally well both at day and night.

H. alleged existence of aurora black

    In addition to brightly colored, some black aurora. Kimball, a scholar who studied space physics at the geophysical institute, had this rare aurora recorded in the video. Aurora was seen at poker flat research range in the north of fairbanks, alaska in 1970.

    Black aurora aurora is actually not at all. These symptoms appear as though open aurora aurora activity. Kimball and tutor professor emeritis tom hallinan see three types of aurora black, that black rolls shaped like a fork which is visible in front of the original aurora; a black ring that looks like a ring of dark smoke in front of the original aurora paler. The latter is a black stain that floated like a giant amoeba black.

    Some people have witnessed the aurora black. In hallinan, the appearance of the aurora is known as "hot chocolate time". Usually lasts for 20 minutes to half an hour. Black auroras appear directly above alaska for aurora begins to fade. Unlike the original aurora, black aurora emissions more positively charged. Black aurora black scroll-type rotating in the opposite direction to the rotation aurora original and sometimes joined by several other aurora rolls and produced a series of space plasma circle known as karman vortex streets.

I. the process of formation of aurora

    Aurora is a phenomenon pancarancahaya blazing in the ionosphere from a planetsebagai due to the interaction between the magnetic field of the planet is owned by charged particles emitted by the sun (the solar wind). The solar wind is a stream of electrons and protons released from the sun due to the high kinetic energy that has both the particles and the temperature of the sun. The flow of the solar wind particles trapped in earth's magnetic field, some of these particles leads to the poles of the earth at a pace that continues to grow.

    Collision between these particles and atoms contained in the earth's atmosphere releasing energy that causes the formation of polar auroras on earth, which looks like a large circle. Around the pole. So aurora often arise and shine brighter when the sun is most active issue a corona mass ejection that led to the increased intensity of the solar wind.

    The energy released when the particles collide can be seen visually by the color of light is different. Color seen depends on the height and type of molecules present. At an altitude of 300 km above the partakel collide with hydrogen atoms cause aurora reddish color. An altitude of 140 km, collisions with oxygen molecules cause aurora blue or purple. An altitude of 100 km, the particles collide with atoms of oxygen and nitrogen cause light green or pink.

    Aurora caused by atoms that collide with charged particles, mainly electrons and protons coming from the sun. The particles are thrown with speeds in excess of 500 miles per second and exploited the earth's magnetic field around the north and south poles. The colors are produced due to collisions of particles and molecules or atoms different. For example the green aurora caused by particle collision of electrons with molecules of nitrogen. Red aurora caused by particle collision of electrons with atoms of oxygen.

    An important part of the mechanism of the aurora is "solar wind" is a stream of particles coming out of the sun. The solar wind moving large amounts of electricity in the atmosphere (the van allen belt). This energy will accelerate particles into the upper atmosphere which will then collide with gas range. The result is the colors in the sky are moving. Electric pressure gas molecules emit energy into the circumstances that resulted in the release of photons. Color depending on the frequency of collisions between particles and gases. This mechanism is similar to fluorescent lamps or fluorescent lamps

    On earth, auroras occur in the area around the north pole and polar selatanmagnetiknya. Aurora is happening in the northern area known as namaaurora borealis, which is named after the roman goddess of dawn bersempena, aurora, and the greek name for the north wind, boreas. This is because in europe, the aurora often look reddish in northern horizon as if the sun will rise from that direction. Aurora borealis always occur between september and october and march and april. The phenomenon of the aurora in the south, known as aurora australismempunyai properties serupa.tapi sometimes aurora appears at the top of the mountain in a tropical climate.

    Magnetism of the earth is the appearance of the aurora in the polar regions. Suppose a load at a certain speed into the area containing the magnetic field at an angle that is not perpendicular to the magnetic field. Shape of the particle trajectory turns into spiral.bumi has a magnetic field with a direction out of the south pole (the north pole of the geography of the earth) and the entrance to the north (the south pole of the geography of the earth). If the charged particles from outer space into the earth at a certain angle, then the particles will move and crosses towards the earth's poles. During the move in a spiral trajectory, the particles have accelerated that emit electromagnetic waves. As it approached the earth's poles, the concentration of large particles and electromagnetic gelimbang very large. And can be observed on the earth's polar sky.

    Splash sun is a natural occurrence that naturally exist in the core causes the sun, but scientists do not yet know what caused it terjadi.percikan that occur on the surface of the sun even to the point away from the sun.

    This spark if it is around the sun semicircular. If you've been away from the sun giant fireball coming from the sun. This could spark away from the sun for a week until finally it disappeared. The spark that has been recorded may be beyond huge planet jupiter. Very large size of celestial bodies can destroy the earth all. This huge ball of fire when reaching the earth would cause auroras at earth's poles. Aurora is formed by the heat of a chunk of celestial bodies from the sun is rejected by parts of earth's magnetic poles. This aurora radiates colorful form a three-dimensional image is very beautiful. However, if a large chunk of it reaches the earth's heat can reach 70 degrees at night in the earth's atmosphere. The effect of this is the spark satellites in space can be damaged, a telephone line broke and we can not get the current burning electricity. Currently existing heat reaches a thousand times from early summer. This can lead to becoming a victim of ferocity mercury and then venus. But whether the earth will be the next victim? Earth is unlikely to be affected because of the distance of the earth and the sun is very far away and the longer the solar gravitational forces will decrease, this will cause the earth will move away from the sun and free will impact.

J. research aurora

    Aurora itself has actually been curious people since the 1500's. Several theories about the aurora given by some experts. Edmund halley who successfully predict the appearance of a comet ever gave the theory that the aurora dilute water vapor sublimated by heating with also contained sulfur will produce a colorful sparkle rays in the atmosphere. In 1746, leonard euler (switzerland) said that the aurora is a particle of the earth's atmosphere that exceed the threshold due to sunlight and subsequently climbed to an altitude of several thousand miles. In the polar regions, these particles will not be dispersed due to the rotation of the earth. The third person who tried to explain about the aurora is benjamin franklin. Pak benjamin said that the aurora is related to atmospheric circulation. Further mr. Ben explains that the atmosphere in the polar regions are thicker / heavier and lower than in the equatorial region because sentrifugalnya force (force due to the rotation) is smaller. The electricity (electricity) brought clouds to the polar regions will not be able to penetrate the ice so it will be cut down through the atmosphere and then vacuum toward the equator. The electricity would appear stronger in high latitudes and vice versa at lower latitudes. That is what will appear as the aurora borealis. Actually, for a hundred and fifty years many other theories about the aurora, among others, that the aurora occurs due to the reflection of sunlight by ice particles, the reflection of sunlight by clouds, water vapor containing sulfur, combustion air is flammable, the emission of magnetic particles , meteor dust burning due to friction with the atmosphere, thunderstorm, electricity arising between the two magnetic poles of the earth, etc.

    Around the year 1800 the characteristics of the aurora began to be known. A british scientist named cavendish managed to calculate the height of the aurora is between 52 up to 71 miles (83 km up to 113.6 km). In 1852 it is known that there is a correlation between geomagnetic activity, auroras, and sunspot frequency and amplitude which all three fluctuate with almost the same period is 11 years. In 1860, elias loomis succeeded in making a diagram showing areas with aurora events at most. From the findings it is known that the aurora associated with earth's magnetic field. Angstrom, a swedish scientist, in 1867 succeeded in measuring the spectrum-spectrum of the aurora. Research on the aurora increasingly see the light when a british physicist jj thomson discovered the electron and the swedish physicist kristian birkeland stated that the aurora is caused by electrons emitted rays of the sun. When the electrons that reach to the earth will be influenced by the earth's magnetic field, and carried to high latitudes and there aurora.

K. the mystery of aurora

    In the ancient roman mythology, aurora is the goddess of dawn that appear every day and flew across the sky to greet the rising sun. Profile goddess aurora can also be found on the writings of shakespeare's work. Since ancient times, it has been many theories put forward to explain this phenomenon and some theories seem no longer relevant in the present.

    Benjamin franklin theorized that the "mystery northern lights" was caused by the concentration of electric charges in the polar regions supported by the snow and moisture. Kristian birkeland also theorized that electrons occur auroral rays emitted from the sun, and these electrons are guided toward the north pole. Aurora borealis is indeed often occur between the months of march-april and august-september october. Aurora borealis is fonemana beam of light that occurs in the northern or north pole. By the time the aurora borealis occurs, as if the sun will rise from the north. This phenomenon occurs in the earth's ionosphere layer due to the magnetic field, and the particles emitted by the sun. The main energy source of auroras is the solar wind flowing past the earth. Magnetosphere and the solar wind consists of ionized gas that conducts electricity. Aurora which occurred on 28 august and 2 september 1859 is probably the most spectacular in history. Aurora in boston dated 2 september 1859 was also published by the new york times.

    Aurora borealis phenomenon has long attracted the attention of scientists. Andres celsius, between the range of 1716 sd. 1732 observing aurora borealis and generate about 300 observations publication. Celsius is a professor of astronomy whose name is immortalized as the temperature measuring unit. Dutch nobel laureates named pieter zeeman publish a report on the aurora borealis seen in zonnemaire. Elias loomis also published a series of reports on the aurora in the american journal of science.

    Aurora also occur on other planets in the solar system, such as planet uranus and neptune. Jupiter and saturn have magnetic fields much stronger than earth and have large radiation belts. Huble telescope used to capture the aurora on other planets.

    Date. August 14, 2004, aircraft mars express detection of the occurrence of aurora on mars, the scientists studied by entering the data generated mars global surveyor, where the area of ​​emissions associated with a region that has a magnetic field is strongest, and suggests that the origin of the light emission is the flow of electrons.

    At a phenomenon aurora, aurora satellite captures images that look like a "ring of fire". Aurora-another type of aurora is also observed from space, for example "poleward bows", but apparently still needs further research on this phenomenon, considering this phenomenon is very rare to happen.

    Aurora and associated currents produce radio emission around 150 khz, known as auroral kilometric radiation were discovered in 1972 and can be observed from space. There are still many other things that should be researched and learned regarding the process that occurs in aurora .